The Living Universe

All theories are based on physical principles that are explained with metaphysical assumptions. Physical principles are the body of experimental mass, space, time, and gravity measurements that a theory tries to interpret. Metaphysical assumptions are hidden characteristics within a particular scientific experiment that can explain its measured values but are not subject to physical measurement. These assumptions are the four sole ideas of consciousness that our minds receive from the measuring instruments of our senses. Common sense is the perceived result that is shared by all our senses and measuring instruments. Newton’s laws of force and motion describe the four parameters of mass, space, time, and gravity and their complementary equation of F = ma. This equation is a general metaphysical principle of measurement. While an accelerometer gives a value for the magnitude and direction of a force, it fails to differentiate between acceleration and deceleration. The correct equat...

Quasars were first observed and identified as very dim stars with spectral photons that had redshifts that were many orders of magnitude greater than any Doppler shifts observed in the Milky Way or other nearby galaxies. In fact, the only galaxies with red shifts as large as quasars were located billions of light years away in the far reaches of the cosmos. Big Bang cosmologists made the metaphysical assumption that the extreme red shifts of quasars and distant galaxies were direct Doppler shifts caused by the imagined enormous outward linear momentum caused by the Big Bang singularity. They did not imagine that the quasar shifts could be the transverse Doppler shifts of radial gravitational momentum because they believed that gravitational momentum could not produce transverse Doppler effects because it was only “equivalent” to “real” momentum. Because of their unquestioned acceptance of the equivalence principle, Big Bang and relativity theorists are forced to conclude that the...